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The term slot machine (short for nickel-in-the-slot machine) was originally also used for automatic vending machines but in the 20th 0️⃣ century came to refer almost exclusively to gambling devices. The first coin-operated gambling devices in the United States date to 0️⃣ the 1880s, although they were actually mere novelties—such as two toy horses that would race after a coin was inserted 0️⃣ in the machine—rather than direct gambling machines. Set on a bar in a saloon or similar establishment, such devices attracted 0️⃣ wagering between patrons. With most machines, however, the proprietor paid off winning customers in drinks or cigars or sometimes in 0️⃣ the form of trade checks (specially minted metal tokens) that could be exchanged for refreshments. By 1888 machines that paid 0️⃣ off in coins were in existence. In the first ones, inserted coins fell onto an internal balance scale, where they 0️⃣ might cause it to tip and spill other coins out; among later devices were ones with a circular display and 0️⃣ a spinning indicator that came to rest on or pointed to a number, a colour, or a picture.

The first slot 0️⃣ machines in the modern sense were invented by Bavarian-born American inventor Charles August Fey, at the time a mechanic in 0️⃣ San Francisco, who built his first coin-operated gambling machine in 1894. The following year Fey built the 4-11-44 in his 0️⃣ basement; it proved so successful at a local saloon that he soon quit his job and opened a factory to 0️⃣ produce more units. In 1898 Fey built the Card Bell, the first three-reel slot machine with automatic cash payouts. The 0️⃣ Card Bell had a handle that set the reels in motion when it was pushed down and playing card suitmarks 0️⃣ that lined up to form poker hands. His next slot machine, the Liberty Bell, was built in 1899 and used 0️⃣ horseshoes and bells as well as playing card suitmarks on the reels. Three bells lined up in a row meant 0️⃣ the top payout. Chiefly because of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, only 4 of more than 100 Liberty Bell machines 0️⃣ built by Fey survive. The Liberty Bell proved immensely popular among saloon patrons in San Francisco and was quickly copied 0️⃣ by Fey’s competitors, such as the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago.

Forces of morality and the clergy, and then of law, 0️⃣ frequently opposed the operation of slot machines. By the time San Francisco banned them in 1909, there were some 3,300 0️⃣ slot machines in the city. In order to circumvent the law, Fey and his competitors built machines with no coin 0️⃣ slots in which purchase and payout (perhaps in drinks and cigars) occurred surreptitiously across a saloon counter. Soon most slot-machine 0️⃣ factories relocated, especially to Chicago.

The ubiquitous reel symbols of various fruits were first used in 1909 by the Industry Novelty 0️⃣ Company. In an effort to circumvent legal restrictions on slot machines, the company called its machines chewing gum dispensers, replaced 0️⃣ suitmarks on the reels with fruit symbols that suggested various flavours of chewing gum, and built a few machines that 0️⃣ really did dispense gum. The idea was copied in the following year by the Mills Novelty Company, which added on 0️⃣ their reels a picture of a chewing gum pack (soon stylized as the well-known “bar” symbol). The Mills Novelty Company 0️⃣ also invented the “jackpot” in 1916, whereby certain combinations of symbols on the reels regurgitated all the coins in the 0️⃣ machine.

During the 1920s the machines were popular throughout much of the United States, especially in resort areas, and they continued 0️⃣ to be popular into the Great Depression years of the ’30s. But knowledge that the distribution of slot machines was 0️⃣ often controlled by organized crime led to increasing legislation restricting their sale and transportation as well as their use except 0️⃣ in private social clubs. Prohibition outside Nevada, which had relegalized gambling in 1931, was virtually total by 1951, although illegal 0️⃣ operation, especially in private clubs, was widely ignored.

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